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Friday, December 3, 2021

Measurement noise and signal processing

 

5.3 Introduction to signal processing

Signal processing is concerned with improving the quality of the reading or signal at the output of a measurement system, and one particular aim is to attenuate any noise in the measurement signal that has not been eliminated by careful design of the measurement system as discussed above. However, signal processing performs many other functions apart from dealing with noise, and the exact procedures that are applied depend on the nature of the raw output signal from a measurement transducer. Procedures of signal filtering, signal amplification, signal attenuation, signal linearization and bias removal are applied according to the form of correction required in the raw signal.

Traditionally, signal processing has been carried out by analogue techniques in the past, using various types of electronic circuit. However, the ready availability of digital computers in recent years has meant that signal processing has increasingly been carried out digitally, using software modules to condition the input measurement data.

Digital signal processing is inherently more accurate than analogue techniques, but this advantage is greatly reduced in the case of measurements coming from analogue sensors and transducers, because an analogue-to-digital conversion stage is necessary before the digital processing can be applied, thereby introducing conversion errors. Also, analogue processing remains the faster of the two alternatives in spite of recent advances in the speed of digital signal processing. Hence, both analogue and digital processing are considered in this chapter, with analogue processing being considered first because some preliminary analogue processing is often carried out even when the major part of the processing is carried out digitally.

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